![]() Previously, the family was considered closely related to the family Hylidae however, recent phylogenetic studies have placed them (and their sister taxon, the family Allophrynidae) closer to the family Leptodactylidae. The family Centrolenidae is a clade of anurans. In 2006, the genus Nymphargus was erected for the species with basal webbing among outer fingers (part of the previous Cochranella ocellata species group).įour genera ( Centrolene, Cochranella, Hyalinobatrachium, Nymphargus) have been shown to be poly- or paraphyletic and recently a new taxonomy has been proposed (see below). Since the publication of the extensive revision of the Colombian glass frogs, several other publications have dealt with the glass frogs from Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Ecuador. However, they left a heterogeneous group of species in the genus Cochranella, defined just by lacking a humeral spine and a bulbous liver. The genus Centrolene was proposed to include the species with a humeral spine in adult males, and the genus Hyalinobatrachium to include the species with a bulbous liver. That paper was the first of a series of contributions dealing with the glass frogs from Colombia that led them to describe almost 50 species of glass frogs. Lynch published a proposal for a taxonomic classification of the Centrolenidae based on cladistic principles and defining monophyletic groups. ![]() ![]() In 1991, after a major revision of the species and taxonomic characters, the herpetologists Pedro Ruiz-Carranza and John D. The taxonomical classification of the glass frogs has been problematic. ![]() Character evolution seems to be complex, with multiple gains and/or losses of humeral spines, reduced hand webbing, and complete ventral transparency. (2008 ) Glass frogs originated in South America and dispersed multiple times into Central America. The evolutionary relationships, biogeography, and character evolution of centrolenids were discussed by Guayasamin et al. Lynch, Pedro Ruiz-Carranza, and José Ayarzagüena increased the number of described taxa, especially from Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Later contributions by authors such as Juan Rivero, Savage, William Duellman, John D. Duellman published a large revision of the glass frogs from Ecuador, showing the species richness of Centrolenidae was particularly concentrated in the Andes. Savage extensively worked, and just a few species were known to occur in South America. Between the 1950s and 1970s, most species of glass frogs were known from Central America, particularly from Costa Rica and Panama, where Taylor, Julia F., and Jay M. The family Centrolenidae was proposed by Edward H. Taylor), but usually placed together with the tree frogs in the genera Hylella or Hyla. Several species were described in subsequent years by different herpetologists (including G. The first described species of Centrolenidae was the "giant" Centrolene geckoideum, named by Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1872, based on a specimen collected in northeastern Ecuador. Their transparency conceals them very effectively when sleeping on a green leaf, as they habitually do. Glass frogs are arboreal, living mainly in trees, and only come out for mating season. When active their blood makes them visible when sleeping most of the blood is concealed in the liver, hiding them. The internal viscera, including the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, are visible through the skin. While the general background coloration of most glass frogs is primarily lime green, the abdominal skin of some members of this family is transparent and translucent, giving the glass frog its common name. The glass frogs belong to the amphibian family Centrolenidae ( order Anura). For the organization, see GlassFrog International Aid Organization.
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